NATIONAL CENTER FOR FARMWORKER HEALTH
  • About
    • NCFH History & Mission
    • Staff
    • Careers
    • Board of Directors
    • Partners
    • Artwork >
      • Meet the Artist
      • Call for Artist
    • Scholarships
    • IMPACT
  • Ag Worker Health
    • History
    • Fact Sheets & Reports
    • Open Access Data
    • Number of Ag Workers
    • Migrant Health Centers
    • Ag Worker Organizations
    • Farm Labor Data Dashboard
  • Resources
    • Helpline for Ag Workers
    • Health Education Resources >
      • Diabetes Resource Hub
      • Mental Health Resource Hub
      • SDOH Hub
    • Health Center Toolbox
    • Farmworker Outreach Resources
    • Digital Stories
    • Digital Archive
    • Online Store
  • Training
    • Workforce Development Trainings
    • Webinars >
      • Archived Webinars
    • Midwest Stream Forum >
      • Regional Stream Forums
    • NCFH Consulting & Professional Development Services
  • PROGRAMS
    • INFECTIOUS DISEASES
    • Health Center Learning Collaboratives
  • COVID-19
    • Our Response
    • COVID Educational Resources for Ag Workers
    • COVID Resources for Service Providers
    • COVID Resources for Ag Employers
    • COVID-19 Promising Practices
    • Demonstration Project Grants
    • Farmworker COVID-19 Community Assessments
  • Español

​COVID-19 IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL WORKERS

Note: NCFH typically relies on peer-reviewed research and government reports for its fact sheet series, but due to the urgent and constantly evolving nature of the pandemic, we have utilized reputable media sources as well. 
Last updated: October 2022
Click here to download the fact sheet as a PDF file. 
​Spanish Version available here.
Agricultural worker populations are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 due to factors including lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), poor housing and working conditions, structural racism, discrimination, and barriers to health care. This fact sheet is updated quarterly to bring the most current information about the pandemic’s impact on agricultural workers.

COVID-19 PREVALENCE AMONG AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AND RURAL COMMUNITIES
  • As of October 25, 2022, there have been an estimated 1.2 million COVID-19 cases among hired agricultural workers. The figure likely underestimates the number of cases since it excludes workers who are contracted and employed for temporary labor. [1] 
  • As of October 15, 2022, over 13.4 million cases of COVID-19 and 189,850 deaths from COVID-19 have been reported in rural counties. This is 14.1% of all U.S. cases and 18.2% of U.S. deaths reported at this time. The current prevalent case rate in rural counties is 2,914 cases per 10,000 residents and the current death rate is 41.20 per 10,000 residents. Both rates increased from previous data reported in August 2022. The prevalent case rate is currently lower in rural counties than urban counties. [2]

DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT
  • Health Resources and Services Association (HRSA) Uniform Data System (UDS) data reports over 41,000 Migratory and Seasonal Agricultural Workers (MSAW) patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at Migrant Health Centers (MHC) in 2021. Among patients of MHCs in 2020 and 2021, COVID-19 test positivity was higher among MSAW patients than other patient demographics. [3]
  • Research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that Hispanic or Latino workers employed in food production or agriculture have a substantially higher prevalence of COVID-19 compared to non-Hispanic workers in those industries. Among the 31 states that reported data, only 37% of workers in those industries were Hispanic or Latino but they represented 73% of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in food processing and agriculture industries. [4] 
  • Hispanics are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, experiencing higher rates of hospitalization and death than White populations. [5] 
  • Underlying health conditions can increase the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 virus. [6] For example, diabetes is a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.3,5 Research suggests that agricultural workers have high rates of diabetes and obesity, with factors such as pesticide exposure increasing the odds of diabetes. [7,8,9]  
  • Social determinants of health, such as racism and discrimination, can lead to underlying health factors impacting the severity of COVID-19 cases.10 Agricultural workers report discrimination from employers based on their country of birth, legal status, and ability to speak English, that directly impacts their access to healthcare when injured.11 The anti-immigrant narrative can be a factor of discrimination in the United States. [11,12]
  • Agricultural workers who speak Mesoamerican languages lack access to translators, interpreters, or other resources within the U.S. health care system that could negatively impact their ability to access educational resources and care for COVID-19 related illness and prevention. [13] This includes lack of translation of both testing results and medical recommendations. [14]

OCCUPATIONAL RISKS AND WORKING CONDITIONS ON U.S. FARMS 
  • As of 2021, there is no evidence of significant labor shortages in the agricultural labor industry due to the pandemic. H-2A contracts have increased during the pandemic and researchers predict continued expansion of the H-2A program in the future. [15]
  • Latinx/Hispanic agricultural workers in California experience higher occupational stress due to the pandemic. In a study of 199 workers in Imperial County, approximately 40% reported statistically significant stress levels than before the pandemic. Foreign-born and elder respondents were more likely to experience this elevated stress. This study also found that Spanish speakers conducting COVID-19 outreach might have been effective for those workers with reported stress from language inequity. [16]
  • Agricultural workers reported being fearful of losing their job after taking time off to access health services because employers threatened deportation or other retaliation to those who do take off work. [17,18] In Central Florida in June 2021, from a study of 92 agricultural workers, 75% reported losing work hours due to the pandemic or lost work completely due to being let go by their employer. [19] 
  • Among 1,107 agricultural workers in Salinas Valley, California, 65% reported that their employer screened for fever and symptoms upon arrival at the workplace, which was recommended as part of a countywide agricultural advisory in 2020. There was a correlation between agricultural workers being screened for symptoms and temperature before work and a reduced risk of current infection. [20]
  • Agricultural workers are not able to keep a safe physical distance to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in work environments. They work close to each other while harvesting and packing, and often ride together to and from work in buses or vans, increasing the risk for spread. [19] Also, 40% of agricultural workers in Central Florida reported working with someone who was known to be infected with COVID-19 or had symptoms, within the last two weeks before the study in 2020. [20] COVID-19 workplace safety precautions vary based on the employer. For example, out of the 92 agricultural workers in Florida, 87% of workers reported employer-enforced physical distancing, 34% reported mask-wearing, and 12% reported regular temperature checks. [19] See Figure 1 below. 
Picture
Figure 1: Thirty-four percent of Agricultural Workers reported mask-wearing on the job in Central Florida
Source: COVID-19 and Agricultural Workers: A Descriptive Study (2021)
  • Instead of masks, agricultural workers tend to wear bandanas or scarves to mask their face because their employers don’t usually provide appropriate PPE and/or the surgical masks do not fair well in hot weather and intense labor conditions. [21–24] Studies indicate that bandanas and neck gaiters are less efficient in reducing the spread of respiratory droplets. [25]
HOUSING CONDITIONS AND RISK
  • Overcrowded and substandard housing conditions are a major concern for the potential of COVID-19 to spread through agricultural worker communities. [26,27] A single building may house several dozen workers or more, who often sleep in dormitory-style quarters, making quarantining or physical distancing efforts difficult if not impossible. Limited access to restrooms and sinks, at home and in the field, may complicate hygiene prevention efforts. [28]
  • Several states and counties provide funding for emergency quarantine housing for agricultural workers suffering from COVID-19. Other state and counties added funds to pay for lost wages or assistance with bills for agricultural workers affected by COVID-19 in 2020. [26,27,28] 

ACCESS TO CARE
  • National Center for Farmworker Health’s Farmworker COVID-19 Community Assessments published data from surveyed agricultural workers about health care access during the pandemic. Among five of the communities participating in these assessments, on average, 15% of agricultural workers surveyed needed health care within the last 12 months, and delayed or did not receive care within the previous 12 months. [32–36]
  • In 2020, 21% of 1,105 agricultural workers surveyed across the United States reported having more difficulty accessing medical care or medicine since before the pandemic. [37]
  • The COVID-19 Farmworker Survey (COFS) report found Indigenous language speaking agricultural workers were more likely to report lack of information and lack of sick leave, as well as having more difficulty paying for health care services than non-Indigenous language speaking agricultural worker respondents. [23,24]

MENTAL HEALTH
  • Agricultural workers in 2020 reported being negatively impacted by the pandemic including symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. [38]
  • In 2021, approximately 40% of 77 Latina agricultural workers reported stress scores that demonstrated clinical mental health concerns. Stressors included long work hours, bad weather, drug use by others, communicating in English, and balancing home and work life. [38] Qualitative data from the same study suggests that since participants and their coworkers received vaccines, stress about COVID-19 has reduced. [38]
  • During the pandemic, female agricultural workers have reported more fear, worry, and anxiety than male agricultural workers. Risks for depression include being single living with children and separately having COVID-19 related symptoms. [39] 
  • During the pandemic, there has been revealed increased substance abuse by agricultural workers in California. [39] Witnessing drug use of co-workers at the work or transportation site has also been noted as a source of stress for agricultural workers during the pandemic. [16,38]

PROMISING PRACTICES
  • Isolating agricultural workers helped mitigate an outbreak in Iowa. In the summer of 2021, nine workers tested positive for COVID-19, including many who were asymptomatic. COVID-19 positive workers were isolated for 10 days with meals and hygiene products provided. Proteus Inc., a Migrant Health Voucher Program, conducted check in calls to assess health status. The workers returned to work after isolation and no additional positive cases occurred during that harvest season. [40]
  • Working and communicating with the employer was essential to identify positive cases among H-2A workers and to isolate workers to prevent future outbreaks. Using Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) funding, Proteus Inc. safely transported 170 workers from Mexico to Iowa with a process that kept workers in travel cohorts, tracked close contacts, and set up isolation procedures upon arrival. The model produced a 3.5% positivity rate compared to a 12.7% positivity rate in previous H-2A worker transportation on the same farm. During transportation, workers were assigned a bus and a seat and required to wear masks. Workers received a PCR test upon arrival and those with a positive result were isolated for 10 days in employer-provided housing. Workers in isolation were medically evaluated via telehealth and were delivered medicine as needed. Close contact of workers that tested positive were also isolated, tested regularly, and released seven days post exposure if they tested negative. [41]

COVID-19 VACCINATION
  • Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) conducts a bi-weekly survey of health centers. The data represent a two-week reporting period. Data available from October 7, 2022, indicated that 1,005 (73% of total) health centers responded. Out of 28,426 patients initiating vaccination during those previous two weeks, 52.6% self-identified as Hispanic or Latino (not including those reporting “one or more race”). Out of 122,164 patients who received additional vaccinations after completing the series, 23.9% self-identified as Hispanic or Latino (not including those who reported “one or more race”). [42] See Table 1 below.
Picture
        Table 1: Patients Receiving Vaccine Services at Health Centers, October 7, 2022
Source: HRSA bi-weekly surveys https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data
  • Forty-eight percent of those who received oral antiviral medication from these health centers self-identified as Racial and/or Ethnic Minority patients, and about 2.4% identified as migratory agricultural workers. [42]
  • As part of the Health Center COVID-19 Vaccine Program, over 9 million vaccinations have been administered from February 26, 2021, to current. Approximately 76.3% of those patients self-identified as a racial and/or ethnic minority (including Hispanic/Latino). [40]
  • Uniform Data System (UDS) reports show MHCs administered the COVID-19 vaccine to 121,733 patients in 2021. [3]
  • In July 2021, a follow-up research study of 81 agricultural workers in Central Florida, 53% respondents reported receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, (48% had completed the series and 5% were partially vaccinated). Among the 15% originally unwilling to receive a vaccine in June of 2020, 67% had received at least one dose. [19]
  • In March 2022, 273 agricultural workers were surveyed in Colquitt County, Georgia and 72% reported being fully vaccinated.  Twenty-eight percent had also received a booster dose. [32,44]
  • In May 2022, 249 agricultural workers were surveyed in Weld, Colorado and 72% reported being fully vaccinated. Thirty-two percent of respondents also received at least one booster dose. Most of the 195 who reported the location of their first dose received noted it was at a U.S. Community/Migrant Health Center. [45,44]
  • Out of 335 agricultural workers surveyed in Sampson County, North Carolina in April 2022, 81% said they were fully vaccinated, and 29% of respondents received at least one booster dose as well. [46,44]
  • In 2021, 1,094 surveys were conducted with agricultural workers in five communities to assess COVID-19 impact. COVID-19 vaccination coverage varied by community (see Figure 3), however the percentage of respondents that were fully vaccinated was lower than the county vaccination rate at the same time in four out of the five communities. [47]
Picture
*Fully vaccinated includes respondents who received one dose of the Janssen/Johnson and Johnson vaccine or two doses of any COVID-19 vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the World Health Organization. Partially vaccinated respondents include those who received one dose of a two-dose FDA- or WHO-approved vaccine, and those who received an unapproved vaccine. Not vaccinated respondents did not receive any COVID-19 vaccine.
Figure 3:  COVID-19 Vaccination Status by Community Surveyed 
Source: Farmworker Covid-19 Community Assessments Executive Summary

CONCERNS ABOUT VACCINES
  • In a 2020 – 21 qualitative study with 55 Latinx and Indigenous Mexican agricultural workers in Coachella Valley, researchers found that misinformation, lack of trust in institutions and insecurity around employment and immigration status impacted participants perceptions of the COVID-19 virus, testing, and vaccination. [48]
  • In a 2021 qualitative study, researchers conducted 22 interviews with Latinx mothers in agricultural worker communities in Oregon in which participants spoke positively about COVID-19 vaccines as it related to their ability to protect their families. 
  • Side effects from and mistrust in the vaccine were primary concerns impacting agricultural workers’ decision to get vaccinated. [19,32]
Disclaimer: This publication is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $435,561 with 0% financed with nongovernmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government.
 
REFERENCES
1.  Food & Ag Vulnerability Index. Purdue University - College of Agriculture. Accessed May 24, 2022. https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/foodandagvulnerabilityindex.html
2.  Ullrich F, Mueller K. Confirmed COVID-19 Cases, Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Counties. Accessed August 9, 2022. https://rupri.public-health.uiowa.edu/publications/policybriefs/2020/COVID%20Data%20Brief.pdf
3.  Whitsett K. A Profile of Migrant Health 2021 Uniform Data  System Analysis - Unpublished.
4.  Waltenburg MA, Rose CE, Victoroff T, et al. Early Release - Coronavirus Disease among Workers in Food Processing, Food Manufacturing, and Agriculture Workplaces - Volume 27, Number 1—January 2021 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. doi:10.3201/eid2701.203821
5.  CDC. Racism and Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published April 8, 2021. Accessed December 29, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/impact-of-racism.html
6.  CDC. COVID-19 and Your Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published February 11, 2020. Accessed December 29, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
7.  Moyce S, Hernandez K, Schenker M. Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Diabetes among Agricultural Workers in California. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2019;30(4):1289-1301. doi:10.1353/hpu.2019.0102
8.  Curl CL, Spivak M, Phinney R, Montrose L. Synthetic Pesticides and Health in Vulnerable Populations: Agricultural Workers. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2020;7(1):13-29. doi:10.1007/s40572-020-00266-5
9.  Starling AP, Umbach DM, Kamel F, Long S, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA. Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(9):629-635. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101659
10.  Handal AJ, Iglesias-Ríos L, Fleming PJ, Valentín-Cortés MA, O’Neill MS. “Essential” but Expendable: Farmworkers During the COVID-19  Pandemic—The Michigan Farmworker Project. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(12):1760-1762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305947
11.  Snipes SA, Cooper SP, Shipp EM. “The Only Thing I Wish I Could Change Is That They Treat Us Like People and Not Like Animals”: Injury and Discrimination Among Latino Farmworkers. Journal of Agromedicine. 2017;22(1):36-46. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2016.1248307
12.  Terrazas SR, McCormick A. Coping Strategies That Mitigate Against Symptoms of Depression Among Latino Farmworkers. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2018;40(1):57-72. doi:10.1177/0739986317752923
13.  Maxwell AE, Young S, Moe E, Bastani R, Wentzell E. Understanding factors that influence health care utilization among Mixtec and Zapotec women in a farmworker community in California. J Community Health. 2018;43(2):356-365. doi:10.1007/s10900-017-0430-8
14.  Facebook, Twitter, options S more sharing, et al. Op-Ed: Indigenous farmworkers are being hit by COVID myths — and deaths. Los Angeles Times. Published December 27, 2021. Accessed January 7, 2022. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-12-27/covid-indigenous-farmworkers
15.  Hill AE, Martin P, eds. COVID-19 and Farm Workers.; 2021. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.311308
16.  Keeney AJ, Quandt A, Villaseñor MD, Flores D, Flores L. Occupational Stressors and Access to COVID-19 Resources among Commuting and Residential Hispanic/Latino Farmworkers in a US-Mexico Border Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(2):763. doi:10.3390/ijerph19020763
17.  Prado JB, Mulay PR, Kasner EJ, Bojes HK, Calvert GM. Acute Pesticide-Related Illness Among Farmworkers: Barriers to Reporting to Public Health Authorities. J Agromedicine. 2017;22(4):395-405. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2017.1353936
18. Liebman AK, Juarez-Carrillo PM, Reyes IAC, Keifer MC. Immigrant dairy workers’ perceptions of health and safety on the farm in America’s Heartland. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2016;59(3):227-235. doi:10.1002/ajim.22538
19. Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Houser M, et al. COVID-19 and Agricultural Workers: A Descriptive Study. J Immigrant Minority Health. Published online October 12, 2021. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01290-9
20.  Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers in Monterey County, California | medRxiv. Accessed July 27, 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.01.21250963v1
21.  Farmworkers are getting coronavirus. They face retaliation for demanding safe conditions. The World from PRX. Accessed December 29, 2021. https://theworld.org/stories/2020-07-29/sick-covid-19-farmworkers-face-retaliation-demanding-safe-conditions
22.  Coleman ML. Essential Workers Are Being Treated as Expendable. The Atlantic. Published April 23, 2020. Accessed December 29, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/farmworkers-are-being-treated-as-expendable/610288/
23.  Saxton D, Villarejo D, DeLeon E, Blanco S, Martinez L. AND A WIDE RANGE OF RESEARCHERS AND PARTNERS: :51.
24.  COFS-_Phase-Two-Preliminary-Report.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2022. https://cirsinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/COFS-_Phase-Two-Preliminary-Report.pdf
25.  Why Scarfs, Bandanas, or Gaiters Are Not Used as Masks or Face Coverings at Southwest Tech | Southwest Tech News. Published October 16, 2020. Accessed January 5, 2022. https://www.swtc.edu/news/covid-19-coronavirus/mask-wearing/why-scarfs-bandanas-or-gaiters-are-not-considered-masks/
26.  Arcury TA, Weir M, Chen H, et al. Migrant farmworker housing regulation violations in North Carolina. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2012;55(3):191-204. doi:10.1002/ajim.22011
27.  Quandt S, Brooke C, Fagan K, Howe A, Thornburg T, McCurdy S. Farmworker Housing in the United States and Its Impact on Health. New Solutions. 2015;25(3):263-286.
28.  Pena A, Teather-Posadas E. Field Sanitation in U.S. Agriculture: Evidence from NAWS and Future Data Needs. Journal of Agromedicine. 2018;23(2). Accessed April 22, 2020. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1059924X.2018.1427642
29.  Plevin R. Riverside County to consider providing housing, financial aid to farmworkers with COVID-19. The Desert Sun. Published August 25, 2020. Accessed August 25, 2020. https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/2020/08/21/riverside-county-could-provide-housing-financial-aid-farmworkers-covid-19/3413200001/
30.  Melton J. FHDC Provides Support for Two New Oregon Worker Relief Funds. Published August 25, 2020. Accessed August 25, 2020. http://fhdc.org/2020/08/fhdc-provides-support-for-two-new-oregon-worker-relief-funds/
31.  Farmworker Household Assistance Program (FHAP). Ventura County Community Foundation. Published August 25, 2020. Accessed August 25, 2020. https://vccf.org/fhap/
32.  Colquitt Count, GA Rapid Assessment. Accessed August 8, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/colquitt_ga_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2022.pdf
33.  Collier County Florida Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 17, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/collier_county_florida_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2021_.pdf
34.  El Paso County TX and Dona Ana County NM Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 19, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/el_paso_county_tx_and_dona_ana_county_nm_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2021.pdf
35.  Mississippi Counties Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 19, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/ms_community_profile_-_fcca_survey_report_2021.pdf
36.  Hidalgo County, TX Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 19, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/hidalgo_county_tx_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2021.pdf
37.  Mora AM, Lewnard JA, Kogut K, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccine Hesitancy among Farmworkers from Monterey County, California. Published online December 22, 2020:2020.12.18.20248518. doi:10.1101/2020.12.18.20248518
38.  Keeney AJ, Quandt A, Flores D, Flores L. Work-Life Stress during the Coronavirus Pandemic among Latina Farmworkers in a Rural California Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(8):4928. doi:10.3390/ijerph19084928
39.  Mora AM, Lewnard JA, Rauch S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on California Farmworkers’ Mental Health and Food Security. Journal of Agromedicine. 2022;27(3):303-314. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2022.2058664
40.  Corwin C, Sinnwell E, Culp K. A Mobile Primary Care Clinic Mitigates an Early COVID-19 Outbreak Among Migrant Farmworkers in Iowa. Journal of Agromedicine. 2021;26(3):346-351. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2021.1913272
41.  Johnson C, Dukes K, Sinnwell E, Culp K, Zinnel D, Corwin C. Innovative Cohort Process to Minimize COVID-19 Infection for Migrant Farmworkers During Travel to Iowa. Workplace Health Saf. 2022;70(1):17-23. doi:10.1177/21650799211045308
42.  Health Center COVID-19 Survey. Bureau of Primary Health Care. Published April 8, 2020. Accessed December 29, 2021. https://bphc.hrsa.gov/emergency-response/coronavirus-health-center-data
43.  Health Center COVID-19 Vaccinations Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients. Accessed January 7, 2022. https://data.hrsa.gov/topics/health-centers/covid-vaccination
44.  FCCA - NATIONAL CENTER FOR FARMWORKER HEALTH. Accessed November 8, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/fcca.html
45.  Weld County Co Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 25, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/weld_co_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2022-1.pdf
46.  Sampson County, NC Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 25, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/sampson_nc_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2022.pdf
47.  Farmworker Community Covid Assessment FCCA Executive Summary. NATIONAL CENTER FOR FARMWORKER HEALTH. Accessed March 25, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/fcca.html
48.  Gehlbach D, Vázquez E, Ortiz G, et al. Perceptions of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 testing and vaccination in Latinx and Indigenous Mexican immigrant communities in the Eastern Coachella Valley. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1019. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13375-7
49.  California Counties Rapid Assessment Report. Accessed October 19, 2022. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/monterey_kern_tulare_cali_rapid_assessment_-_survey_report_2021.pdf
Return to main Fact Sheets & Research page​​​


Ag Worker Access Campaign
Blog
Careers
Commemorative Artwork
Contact Us
Health Centers
Midwest Stream Forum
​
NCFH Online Store
Patient Education
Scholarships
Staff
Webinars

Follow us!

SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER

Join Now

This website is supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of an award totaling $1,916,466 with 5% financed with non-governmental sources. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS or the U.S. Government
  • About
    • NCFH History & Mission
    • Staff
    • Careers
    • Board of Directors
    • Partners
    • Artwork >
      • Meet the Artist
      • Call for Artist
    • Scholarships
    • IMPACT
  • Ag Worker Health
    • History
    • Fact Sheets & Reports
    • Open Access Data
    • Number of Ag Workers
    • Migrant Health Centers
    • Ag Worker Organizations
    • Farm Labor Data Dashboard
  • Resources
    • Helpline for Ag Workers
    • Health Education Resources >
      • Diabetes Resource Hub
      • Mental Health Resource Hub
      • SDOH Hub
    • Health Center Toolbox
    • Farmworker Outreach Resources
    • Digital Stories
    • Digital Archive
    • Online Store
  • Training
    • Workforce Development Trainings
    • Webinars >
      • Archived Webinars
    • Midwest Stream Forum >
      • Regional Stream Forums
    • NCFH Consulting & Professional Development Services
  • PROGRAMS
    • INFECTIOUS DISEASES
    • Health Center Learning Collaboratives
  • COVID-19
    • Our Response
    • COVID Educational Resources for Ag Workers
    • COVID Resources for Service Providers
    • COVID Resources for Ag Employers
    • COVID-19 Promising Practices
    • Demonstration Project Grants
    • Farmworker COVID-19 Community Assessments
  • Español